Efectos de la COVID-19 en el consumo de antidepresivos en la provincia de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Canarias / Effects of COVID-19 on the consumption of antidepressants in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands

Fundamento: en este trabajo se analiza el impacto de la COVID-19 en el consumo de antidepresivos durante el primer año de la pandemia (2020) tomando como línea de base las tendencias de prescripción durante los 4 años anteriores (2016-2019) en la provincia de Santa Cruz de Tenerife y las cuatro islas que la conforman. Métodos: los datos de ventas en las farmacias comunitarias se tomaron como base de datos agregados. La dosis por 1000 habitantes y día se utilizó como indicador de consumo.Resultados: en las islas de El Hierro y La Gomera, el aumento de población no justifica por sí solo los incrementos relevantes observados en el consumo de antidepresivos y, posiblemente, la COVID-19 y sus consecuencias sobre la salud de la población podrían ser responsables de dichos aumentos. En la isla de Tenerife el incremento de población podría justificar, en gran medida, el ligero aumento de consumo observado. La isla de La Palma presenta un aumento de tan solo un 1,40 %, pero menor al valor esperado tomando como línea de base el periodo 2016-2019. Todas las islas presentan las mismas tendencias en el consumo de los diferentes subgrupos de antidepresivos y principios activos, aunque con ligeras variaciones, con la excepción de la isla de la Palma que presenta un comportamiento y tendencias estadísticamente diferentes.Conclusiones: las diferencias de prescripción observadas podrían estar relacionadas con las características sociosanitarias y demográficas de cada una de las islas. (AU)

Aplicación de hipnosis al miedo al contagio por COVID-19 en un cuidador de paciente oncológico / Hypnosis applied to the fear of COVID-19 in a cancer caregiver

Objetivo: Se presenta el caso de un familiar de paciente oncológico durante la situación generada por la pandemia de COVID-19, con el que se utiliza un programa multicomponente en el que se incluye la hipnosis clínica como herramienta para gestionar el miedo al contagio y la adaptación a la enfermedad oncológica en el cuidador principal. Método: Una intervención a través de hipnosis clínica para el manejo del miedo al contagio durante el proceso oncológico de su enfermedad. Resultado: Se produce la reducción de la sintomatología ansiosa, en relación con el miedo al contagio, permitiendo a PS abordar diferentes situaciones sin aplicar un afrontamiento evitativo, usando su miedo como una estrategia de protección frente al COVID-19. Ha conseguido mejorar el insomnio, reduciendo los problemas de conciliación y mejorar su autoestima y reforzar el autoconcepto. Conclusión: La hipnosis se revela como una técnica útil rápida y eficaz, que permite manejar de manera adecuada la sintomatología de carácter ansioso dentro de un programa multicomponente. (AU)

Objective: Treatment of fear of contagion during the COVID-19 pandemic and the adaptation to the oncological disease through a multicomponent program that includes clinical hypnosis, in the main caregiver. Method: An intervention using clinical hypnosis to manage the fear of contagion during the process of caring for an oncological patient. Results: There is a reduction in anxiety symptoms, in relation to the fear of contagion, which allows the patient to address different situations without applying avoidant coping, using fear as a protection strategy against COVID-19. Insomnia problems were improved, reducing problems with conciliation insomnia, improving self-esteem and reinforcing self-concept. Conclusion: Hypnosis is revealed as a useful, fast and effective technique that allows to adequately manage anxiety symptoms within a multicomponent program. (AU)

Análisis cuantitativo del COVID-19 y sus impactos psicológicos y educativos en estudiantes universitarios y de secundaria en Córdoba, España / Quantitative analysis of COVID-19 and its psychological and educational impacts on university and secondary students in Córdoba, Spain

Introducción La pandemia COVID-19, que empezó en Wuhan, China, a finales del 2019, y, que hoy amenaza a todos los habitantes del planeta, configura el tema de investigación prioritaria en la actualidad. En este contexto, este artículo enfoca la manera en que este problema de salud afecta directamente al estado psicológico y educativo de 344 estudiantes universitarios y de secundaria, en Córdoba, España. Material y métodos Para el análisis se ha empleado el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM), a través de la cuantificación de un conjunto de relaciones entre una o más variables independientes, intentando condensar el escenario de pandemia y sus implicaciones sanitarias, psicológicas y educativas. Resultados La primera variable latente «Salud», es causal de la variable latente «Psicología», y de las variables endógenas «efectos relaciones sociales», «efectos tristeza» y «efectos sexualidad», lo cual confirma que la COVID-19 afectó seriamente al comportamiento psicológico de los estudiantes de universidad y de secundaria de Córdoba (AU)

Introduccion The COVID-19 pandemic that began in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019, and which today threatens all the inhabitants of the planet, is currently the priority research topic. In this context, this article focuses on how this health problem directly affects the psychological and educational status of 344 university and high school students in Córdoba, Spain. Material and methods For the analysis, the structural equation model (SEM) has been used, through the quantification of a set of relationships between one or more independent variables, trying to condense the pandemic scenario and its health, psychological and educational implications. Results The first latent variable “Health” is causal of the latent variable “Psychology”, and, of the endogenous variables, “social relations effects”, “sadness effects” and “sexuality effects”, which confirms that the COVID-19 seriously affected the psychological behavior of university and high school students in Córdoba (AU)

Factores asociados al desarrollo de estrés, ansiedad y depresión en trabajadores sanitarios en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Perú / Factors associated with the development of stress, anxiety and depression in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in Peruvian healthcare facilities

Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas y determinar los factores asocia-dos a manifestaciones psicológicas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en trabajadores sanita-rios en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en los establecimientos de salud del Perú durante mayo de 2020.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en trabajadores sanitarios de establecimientos hospitalarios del Perú. Se elaboró un cuestionario estructurado que incluía las características sociodemográficas, la profesión, área y lugar de trabajo, y cuestionarios validados para tras-torno de ansiedad generalizada (GAD-7), Salud del paciente (PHQ-9) y la Escala de impacto del estresor revisada (IES-R). Para el análisis se utilizó modelos lineales generalizados de Poisson, función de enlace logarítmico y varianzas robustas. Se calculó el rango intercuartílico (RIC) y la razón de prevalencia ajustada (RPa) y su intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%).Resultados: De un total de 258 encuestados, 254 (98%) completaron al cuestionario, sien-do el 61,8% mujeres y el área de trabajo más común emergencia u hospitalización (62,2%). La puntuación mediana del PHQ-9 fue 4 (RIC:2-7), del GAD-7 fue 6 (RIC:4-8) y para el IES-R fue 16 (RIC:8-24). El análisis multivariado mostró que ser médico se asocia con una menor prevalencia de ansiedad (RPa: 0,77; IC 95%: 0,62-0,94), mientras que vivir solo se asoció con una mayor prevalencia de depresión (RPa: 1,46; IC 95%: 1,11-1,92).Conclusión: El personal sanitario manifestó alteraciones psicológicas, asociado principal-mente al personal no médico y vivir solo (AU)

Objective: To describe the sociodemographic characteristics and determine the factors as-sociated with psychological manifestations of depression, anxiety, and stress in healthcare workers in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in health facilities in Peru during the month of May 2020.Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted out in healthcare workers of hospital establishments in Peru. To evaluate the outcome of interest, we administered a structured questionnaire that asked about type of healthcare personnel; sociodemographic characteristics; Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7); Patient Health Questionnaire scale (PHQ-9); and the Revised Stressor Impact scale (IES-R). We used generalized linear Poisson models, with a logarithmic link function and robust variance.Results: Out of 258 respondents, 254 completed the survey; 61.8% were women; the most common work area was emergency department or hospitalization (inpatient) services (62.2%). The median PHQ-9 score was 4 points (IQR: 2-7); for the GAD-7, it was 6 points (IQR: 4-8), and for the IES-R, 16 points (IQR: 8-24). The multivariate analysis showed that being a physician was associated with less anxiety (PR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.62-0.94), whereas living alone was associated with a greater risk of depression (PR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.11-1.92).Conclusions: Healthcare personnel are at risk of manifesting psychological alterations, mainly associated with the female gender, non-medical personnel and living alone (AU)

Alopecia areata durante el confinamiento por la pandemia COVID-19: serie de casos / Alopecia areata during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. A case series

Contexto: la alopecia areata es un proceso adquirido de base autoinmunitaria con prevalencia del 25% en la población infantil. Es una alopecia no cicatricial que puede desencadenarse por estrés. Tiene alta incidencia y se asocia a otras condiciones autoinmunes. Los niños han estado sometido a altos niveles de tensión emocional durante la pandemia COVID-19. Caso clínico: se presentan cuatro casos de pacientes pediátricos de una consulta de pediatría de atención primaria acontecidos durante el periodo de confinamiento por la pandemia COVID-19. Dos de los pacientes recibieron atención en la Unidad de Dermatología infantil debido a la rápida progresión. Uno de los casos, con placa alopecia aislada, presentó evolución favorable sin necesidad de tratamiento con resolución espontánea. Fue necesaria la atención psicológica en dos de los menores. Conclusiones: la situación vivida en la pandemia ha desencadenado brotes de enfermedades dermatológicas con influencia psicológica, como psoriasis, urticaria crónica, dermatitis atópica, efluvio telógeno y alopecia areata. Es quizás el estrés agudo (menor de 2 meses de duración) el que puede influir más. La relación entre alopecia areata y desórdenes psiquiátricos es un círculo vicioso: tanto el estrés puede desencadenarla como, a su vez, la aparición de la misma puede derivar en trastornos ansioso depresivos con efectos sociales que influyen en la calidad de vida y que pueden requerir atención psicológica (AU)

Context: alopecia areata is an acquired autoimmune disease with a prevalence of 25% in children. It is a non-scarring form of alopecia that can be triggered by stress. Its incidence is high and it is associated with other autoimmune diseases. Children have endured high levels of emotional stress during the COVID-19 pandemic.Cases presented: we present 4 cases in paediatric patients managed in a primary care paediatrics clinic that occurred during the lockdown imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Two of the patients received care in the paediatric dermatology unit due to rapid progression. One of the patients with an isolated plaque of alopecia had a favourable outcome without treatment, with spontaneous resolution. Two of the patients required psychological care.Conclusions: the circumstances experienced during the pandemic have triggered outbreaks of dermatological diseases with a psychogenic component such as psoriasis, chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, telogen effluvium and alopecia areata; acute stress (duration <2 months) may have the greatest impact. The relationship between alopecia areata and psychiatric disorders is a vicious circle, as stress can trigger alopecia areata and in turn its development can lead to anxiety and depressive disorders with a social impact that impair quality of life and may require psychological care. (AU)

COVID 19 and Psychological Problems in Mexican Mothers

COVID-19 seriously affected people’s mental health. Possibly symptoms of anxiety, depression and insomnia occur with most frequency in various sectors of the population, especially in mothers. The objective of this research was to evaluate levels of depression, anxiety and insomnia in Mexican mothers who had COVID-19, who care for or cared for patients with COVID-19, or in neither of these two conditions. A sample of 540 Mexican mothers was gathered, a questionnaire was applied to obtain data on sociodemographic variables, as well as instruments to measure depression, anxiety and insomnia. The 70% of the participants had insomnia, 77% had depressive symptoms, while 80.2% showed anxiety. Working mothers presented more severe symptoms of insomnia than housewives. Caring for a COVID-19 patient was significantly associated with the psychological variables evaluated. Mexican mothers who care or cared for COVID-19 patients have high rates of depression, anxiety, and insomnia (AU)

El miedo al contagio de covid-19, como mediador entre la exposición a las noticias y la salud mental, en población peruana / Fear of COVID-19 infection, as a mediator between exposure to news and mental health, in the Peruvian population

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el nivel de estrés y las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) de Ciudad Obregón, Sonora.Metodología: Estudio no experimental y correlacional; se empleó un muestreo probabilístico estratificado de 250 estudiantes, con edades entre los 18 y 46 años de edad. Los datos fueron recabados mediante un cuestionario de características sociodemográficas, el instrumento del nivel de estrés percibido y para medir afrontamiento el Brief COPE Inventory.Resultados: El 74.4% de la muestra fueron mujeres y el 25.6% hombres, ambos géneros exhibieron nivel de estrés moderado (78%), la estrategia de afrontamiento reportada con mayor frecuencia fue afrontamiento activo emocional. Se empleó la prueba no paramétrica chi-cuadrada de Pearson (χ2) para probar la existencia de asociación entre el nivel de estrés y las estrategias de afrontamiento (p= 0.67). Con base a los resultados de χ2 (p=.067) se realizó un análisis adicional separando las categorías de cada una de las variables de estudio, se utilizó la prueba de Pearson con la cual se encontró correlación significativa entre el nivel de estrés bajo y la estrategia afrontamiento activo emocional, (p=0.27) y entre nivel de estrés alto y estrategia de afrontamiento emocional por evitación (p=-.01).Conclusiones: Los niveles más altos de estrés lo manifiestan estudiantes que cursan solo materias teóricas. Se sugiere la implementación de intervenciones relacionadas al manejo adecuado del estrés (AU)

Objective: Determine the relationship between the stress level and the coping strategies used by students of the Bachelor’s Degree of Nursing in institutions of higher education of Ciudad Obregón, Sonora.Methodology: Descriptive and correlational study; the population was comprised by 250 students whose age ranged from 18 and 46 years. Data was collected through a questionnaire of sociodemographic characteristics, the perceived stress level instrument, and the Brief COPE questionnaire.Results: 74.4% of the sample was comprised by women and 25.6% by men. It was found that both genders had a moderate level of stress (78%), in terms of the coping strategies most frequently used by the students, the emotional active coping was the one found. The correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square non-parametric test (x2) to probe the existence of relationship between the stress level and coping strategies (p=0.67). Based on the results of x2 (p=0.067), an additional analysis was carried out separating the categories of each one of the variables of study; Pearson’s test was used to find a significant correlation between low stress level and active emotional coping strategy (p=0.27) and between high stress level and avoidance emotional coping strategy (p=-0.01).Conclusions: The highest levels of stress are manifested by students who study only theoretical subjects. It is suggested the implementation of interventions related to the adequate management of stress (AU)

Experiencia del paciente oncológico durante la pandemia por el COVID-19 y su opinión sobre la telemedicina / Cancer patients’ experience during the COVID-19 pandemic and their satisfaction with telehealth

Objetivo: la pandemia por el COVID-19 está generando un importante impacto emocional en la población general y, en especial, en los pacientes crónicos, como los oncológicos. Además, ha supuesto cambios en la atención sanitaria. El presente estudio pretende conocer este impacto, en la población oncológica y, desde su propia experiencia, explorar sus estrategias de afrontamiento así como conocer su opinión sobre la atención sanitaria recibida. Metodología:participaron 118 pacientes pertenecientes a 5 centros hospitalarios de la provincia de Barcelona. Los datos fueron recogidos a través del cuestionario HADS y de un cuestionario ad-hoc para valorar el malestar emocional, las estrategias de afrontamiento, la percepción de riesgo de contagio, el apoyo social y los cambios ocurridos en la atención sanitaria. Resultados: el 51,4% de los participantes puntuaron alto en la escala de ansiedad y un 36% en la de depresión. La preocupación (73,7%), el miedo (72,8%), la ansiedad (56,1%) y la tristeza (56,1%) fueron las emociones más frecuentemente expresadas. El 74,1% se sintieron muy satisfechos con la atención sanitaria recibida y el 94,6% refirieron haberse sentido acompañados por su equipo sanitario. Respecto a la valoración de la telemedicina, un 40,7% manifestaron no estar a favor de esta alternativa mientras que el 33,7% consideraron que era una buena opción.Conclusiones: los pacientes oncológicos consideran que la pandemia ha afectado negativamente a su estado emocional y su calidad de vida. Conocer la opinión que tienen los pacientes sobre la telemedicina nos puede ayudar a definir más adecuadamente el uso de este tipo de asistencia (AU)

Objective:Covid-19 pandemic has had a profound emotional impact in general population and, especially, in patients with chronic diseases, like cancer patients. Moreover, it has placed unparalelled demands on healthcare systems. The aim of the present study is to explore this impact on oncology patients from their own experience, assess their coping strategies and also know their opinion about the healthcare assistance received. Method: One hundred and eighteen oncology patients from 5 different hospitals around Barcelona participated in the study. Data was collected using both HADS and an ad-hoc questionnaire which evaluated emotional distress, coping strategies, risk-contagion perception, social support and assessment of changes in healthcare assistance. Results:A total of 51.4% of the subjects presented high rates of anxiety and 36% depression. Worry (73.7%), fear (72.8%), anxiety and sadness (56.1%) were the most frequent emotions expressed. Around 74.1% of the sample felt very satisfied with the healthcare services and 94.6% felt supported by their health team. A 40.7% of the patients disagreed with telemedicine assessment, while 33.7% had predominantly a positive perception. Conclusions:Oncology patients considered that COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected their emotional status and quality of life. Getting to know patients’ opinions about telemedicine may aid in facilitating care and improving its design to provide better and more efficient care (AU)

Dimensionality and Accuracy of Measurement Based on Item Response Theory in the Fatalism Scale During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy

The Fatalism Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring fatalistic beliefs about health. However, no previous studies have been conducted to verify its psychometric properties across different populations and, most importantly, during a public health emergency. Hence, this study aimed to examine the factorial structure, reliability, construct validity, and accuracy of measurement of the Fatalism Scale during the COVID-19 pandemic among Italian-speaking people. The total sample was comprised of 300 participants. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Construct validity was estimated by comparing fatalism scores with two theoretically-related constructs (i.e., optimism, locus of control). The test information function was analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of measurement based on item response theory (IRT). Differences in fatalism scores across gender were examined by performing MANOVAs. Results show a four-factor model: Luck, Powerlessness, Predetermination, and Pessimism with adequate fit indices and satisfactory internal consistency. Data support the expected relationships between fatalism subscales and related measures. The test information function and standard error curve provide the largest amount of information around = zero and two standard deviations above the mean in the latent trait. Significant differences across gender are observed in Luck and Pessimism subscales. Our study suggests that the Fatalism Scale is a valuable tool for assessing fatalism during an acute health crisis among Italian-speaking people. This instrument might be useful for assessing fatalism during future waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and other public health crises (AU)

Reducing Social Anxiety among Adolescents in the Covid-19 Era: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy as a Counselling Approach

While the prioritization and rollout of vaccines against COVID-19 in most countries of the worldremains the only means to save the world from the novel coronavirus pandemic, which has continuedto disrupt the traditional way of life for everyone, the increased social anxiety that can help to reducevaccine hesitancy has been spared, especially in the developing nations. Therefore, this study aimedto adopt the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) counselling approach to manage socialanxiety among adolescents in the COVID-19 era. A quasi-experimental design (pre- post-test andcontrol group) was adopted. Using the multistage sampling technique, 88 adolescents were randomlyassigned to REBT (n= 43) and control groups n= 45). The results indicated that REBT significantlyreduced social anxiety with pre-test and post-test mean scores of 47.56 (47.56%) ± 6.58 and 30.23(30.23%) ±14.29, respectively. The main effect of REBT treatment was found to be significant (F2, 233= 41.82, p= .000). Conversely, the two-way interaction between treatment and gender was notstatistically significant. It was concluded that REBT is an effective counselling approach in reducingsocial anxiety among school-going adolescents, and that the treatment was not gender specific (AU)

A collaborative and evolving response to the needs of frontline workers, patients and families during the COVID-19 pandemic at Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Province, South Africa.

The global devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its mental health impact is undeniable. The physical and psychological consequences are wide-ranging - affecting patients fighting the disease, frontline workers in the trenches with them, healthcare staff deployed in high-care settings, and families disconnected from their loved ones in their darkest hours. Within 6 weeks of the COVID-19 outbreak in South Africa, the Department of Psychiatry at Stellenbosch University established the TBH/SU COVID Resiliency Clinic to provide psychological support to frontline workers at Tygerberg Hospital. Identified barriers in healthcare workers accessing mental healthcare resulted in moving towards an on-site visibility to try to remove some of these barriers. This greater on-site presence enabled networking and building of relationships with frontline staff that over time highlighted other frontline needs, such as providing psychosocial and spiritual support to patients and their families. We share challenges, lessons learned and recommendations from two initiatives: the TBH/SU COVID-19 Resiliency Clinic, and an embedded COVID Care Team (CCT). We describe the establishment, roll-out and progress of the Clinic and the subsequent CCT.

Malestar emocional y percepción de amenazaen familiares de personas afectadas por COVID-19 / Emotional distress and threat perception of COVID-19 in relatives of affected people

Los familiares de personas afectadas por la COVID-19 pudieron experimentar mayor impacto emocional durante el confinamiento, más aún si se tenía una imagen muy amenazante del COVID-19. El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre la psicopatología y la percepción de amenaza en familiares de personas afectadas por COVID-19. Participaron 50 familiares de personas afectadas por COVID-19 (84% mujeres), de entre 20 y 63 años (M=36,88; DT=12,73). Se evaluó la psicopatología (SCL-90-R; Derogatis, Lipman y Covi, 1973) y la percepción de amenaza del COVID (BIP-Q5; Pérez-Fuentes, Molero, Oropesa et al., 2020). Observamos una afectación emocional y una percepción de amenaza moderadas. Quienes tenían enfermedades físicas y psicológicas mostraron menos percepción de amenaza, pero más psicopatología. Mayor percepción de amenaza se asoció con mayor psicopatología. Concluimos que la familia es una parte activa en el proceso de enfermedad, por lo que puede sufrir un gran impacto emocional que debe ser atendido (AU)

Relatives of people affected by COVID-19 were able to experience greater emotional impact during confinement, even more so if they had a very threatening image of COVID-19. The aim was to analyse the relationship between psychopathology and the perception of threat in relatives of people affected by COVID-19. Fifty relatives of people affected by COVID-19 (84% women), aged between 20 and 63 years (M=36.88; SD=12.73) participated. Psycho-pathology (SCL-90-R; Derogatis et al., 1973) and perceived threat of COVID (BIP-Q5; Pérez-Fuentes et al., 2020) were assessed. We observed moderate emotional distress and threat perception. Those with physical and psychological illnesses showed less threat perception but more psychopathology. Higher threat perception was associated with higher psychopathology. We conclude that the family is an active part of the disease process and may suffer a great emotional impact that needs to be addressed (AU)

What we have learnt about trauma, loss and grief for children in response to COVID-19.

The disruption of daily life resulting from COVID-19 and its precautions has taken an enormous emotional toll on children and families. The consequences of disrupted schooling, changed social interactions and altered family dynamics has had some unanticipated positives such as improved on-line educational upskilling and personal resilience. However, the potential longer term implications for educational outcomes, economic impacts of job loss and prolonged financial insecurity, physical wellbeing and mental health remain unclear. The potential for post-traumatic stress disorders from what is experienced by children with imposed isolation from friends and extended family, domestic violence and death of relatives remains concerning. Confronting images and stories relayed through social media and the popular press will challenge children's views of safety, security, trust and potentially rob them of much of the innocence of youth. In an overwhelming global response to the "adult" problems of the COVID-19 pandemic, this article reflects on the consequences of trauma, loss and grief through the perspective of children and how they may alter their view of the world.

The Shadow Pandemic of Alcohol Use during COVID-19: A Canadian Health Leadership Imperative.

Increased alcohol consumption among Canadians during the COVID-19 pandemic will impact our health systems in the short and longer term, through increased hospitalizations due to alcohol-related illness, addiction, violence and accidents. The increased stress due to involuntary unemployment, confinement and boredom during the pandemic has led to an escalation in alcohol use. It is imperative that policy makers recognize and address the inherently conflicting roles of provincial/territorial governments as regulators/retailers of alcohol and funders of healthcare and prioritize the development and implementation of an evidence-based framework to mitigate the increased population health risks of alcohol-related harms.

Risk Perception and Behavioral Response to COVID-19: A Survey of University Students and Staff in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region.

This study explores the risk perceptions and behavioral responses of university academics and students toward the COVID-19 pandemic. All universities in Iraqi Kurdistan were invited to take part in a self-administered online survey; 976 individuals ultimately completed it. The survey included eight main questions about personal risk perception and behavioral response to COVID-19 based on a five- or nine-point ordinal scale. A high percentage of the respondents perceived it as highly unlikely they were at risk of getting infection (26.9%), serious illness (29.7%), and death (41.7%). The percentage of the respondents who applied protective measures frequently or always was high for most protective behavior types, except for wearing masks, wearing gloves, and avoiding touching the face. There was a significant (P < .001) weak positive correlation between risk perception and protective behaviors. The respondents followed protective behavior measures reasonably, but the frequency of undertaking some important protective behaviors was relatively low.

Pandemia adolescente: los cuerpos pixelados / Adolescent pandemic: pixelated bodies / Pandèmia adolescent: els cossos pixelats

En el presente artículo se realiza una reflexión sobre las dife­rentes miradas que se han puesto sobre la adolescencia en tiempos de pandemia, desde un enfoque contextual amplio, abordando aspectos psicológicos, emocionales, relacionales y culturales, poniendo el protagonismo en la vivencia del cuerpo en la era digital. Observar la adolescencia implica utilizar un gran angular para entender lo que hay en juego en las interrelaciones con el mundo adulto y cómo ambos mundos -el adolescente y el adulto- se influyen y se superponen en un juego de espejos. Una realidad que interpela a los adultos a posicionarse de forma adecuada para dar paso a una generación que necesita de alguna referencia estable para un buen desa­rrollo psíquico y emocional

This article reflects on the different views on adolescence in times of pandemic, from a broad contextual approach, addressing psychological, emotional, relational, and cultural aspects, focusing on the experience of t00 he body in the digital era. Observing adolescence implies using a wide-angle lens to understand what is at stake in interrelations with the adult world and how both worlds - the adolescent and the adult - influence, and overlap in a game of mirrors. A reality that challenges adults to position themselves appropriately to give way to a generation that needs some stable reference for a good psychic and emotional development

En el present article, es realitza una reflexió sobre les diferents mirades que s'han posat sobre l'adolescència en temps de pandèmia, des d'un enfocament contextual ampli, abordant aspectes psicològics, emocionals, relacionals I culturals I posant protagonisme en la vivència del cos en l'era digital. Observar l'adolescència implica utilitzar un gran angular per entendre el que hi ha en joc en les interrelacions amb el món adult I com tots dos mons -l'adolescent I l'adult- s'influeixen I se superposen en un joc de miralls. Una realitat que interpel·la els adults a posicionar-se de forma adequada per donar pas a una genera­ció que necessita d'alguna referència estable per a un bon desenvolupament psíquic I emocional

Resilience matters: Explaining the association between personality and psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic / La resiliencia importa: explicación de la asociación entre personalidad y funcionamiento psicológico durante la pandemia de COVID-19

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to elucidate the underlying mechanism through which basic personality dimensions predict indicators of psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic, including subjective well-being and perceived stress. As a personality characteristic highly contextualized in stressful circumstances, resilience was expected to have a mediating role in this relationship. METHOD: A sample of 2,722 Slovene adults, aged from 18 to 82 years filled in the Big Five Inventory, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Mental Health Continuum. A path analysis with the Bootstrap estimation procedure was performed to evaluate the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between personality and psychological functioning. RESULTS: Resilience fully or partially mediated the relationships between all the Big Five but extraversion with subjective well-being and stress experienced at the beginning of the COVID-19 outburst. Neuroticism was the strongest predictor of less adaptive psychological functioning both directly and through diminished resilience. CONCLUSIONS: Resilience may be a major protective factor required for an adaptive response of an individual in stressful situations such as pandemic and the associated lockdown

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: El objetivo fue dilucidar el mecanismo subyacente a través del cual las dimensiones básicas de la personalidad predicen indicadores del funcionamiento psicológico durante la pandemia de COVID-19, incluido el bienestar subjetivo y el estrés percibido. Como característica de la personalidad altamente contextualizada en circunstancias estresantes, se esperaba que la resiliencia tuviera un papel mediador en esta relación. MÉTODO: Una muestra de 2.722 adultos eslovenos (18-82 años), completó el Big Five Inventory, la Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, la Perceived Stress Scale y el Mental Health Continuum. Se realizó un análisis de ruta con el procedimiento de estimación Bootstrap para evaluar el efecto mediador de la resiliencia en la relación entre la personalidad y el funcionamiento psicológico. RESULTADOS: La resiliencia medió total o parcialmente las relaciones entre los Cinco Grandes, y la extraversión con bienestar subjetivo y el estrés experimentado, al comienzo del estallido de COVID-19. El neuroticismo fue el predictor más fuerte de un funcionamiento psicológico menos adaptativo, tanto directamente como a través de la disminución de la capacidad de resiliencia. CONCLUSIONES: La resiliencia puede ser un factor de protección importante y requerido para una respuesta adaptativa de un individuo en situaciones estresantes como la pandemia y el confinamiento asociado